In the United States, Dubois is the 1459th most common last name. Originally an honorific name, it later became common as a surname. The most popular surname in Romania and Moldova is Popa. Names with Christian origins were quite popular: Names like these might have been shortened to Alex, Christoph, Nickel, or Franz. Telefon-CDs from that time contain around 35 million names, accounting for almost 50% of the population of Germany enough to get a reliable picture of name distribution. Looking for all records for Oscar Korn, from Hamburg, Germany. A local surname refers to someone who currently or once lived in the region of Lorraine in Northeastern France. For more parenting tips and tricks, find us on Pinterest: Are you a writer, expert, or influencer? This would typically refer to someone who was from the village of Marseille. Be aware that there were thousands of German witches executed during the Medieval and Early Modern Era whose names were never recorded. There were even childrens songs celebrating his dict I mean, leadership. Powell, Kimberly. Lavigne - This French surname means "vine" or "vineyard" in Old French. Youre looking for a friend called Pierre Martin? Kazlauskas is the most common surname in Lithuania. It means large or tall. May 5, 2022 | Aristocracy, Germany, Noble Titles, Royal Titles. So, in terms of German surnames, the appearance of Von in a name can often indicate that the bearer is of noble origin. The latter are particularly difficult to interpret because they are old sometimes very old. He was Albanias communist head of state from 1944 until his death in 1985. In 1839 to 1841 indentured laborers were brought into Jamaica from Portugal, but not in large numbers. Many French last names have a Germanic origin due to the frequent land changes between the French and Germanic people through the centuries. 1854. Switzerland And whether you have a passion for all things Parisian, come from a family with French heritage, or are curious for research purposes, you'll get a lot out of this list of 100 French last names! Or maybe point me in direction to start this process. These additions eventually evolved into the surnames we know today: Heinrich dictus Schneider became Heinrich Schneider. Throughout the evolution of the European aristocracy in the Middle Ages, these prefixes have related to a land-holding or estate that belonged to a noble family, or a region that was inherent in a noble title. Bosnian are famous for their sense of humour and it applies to their family names as well! Difficult names can only be interpreted by a linguist who is familiar with the historical layers of the language. 21. This is followed in popularity by the name Schmidt (along with variants such as Schmitt or Schmitz, this comes from the blacksmith's trade), with Meier coming in third place. Leblanc. Many traditional German last names are used internationally today, so much so that your surname may be rooted in German without you knowing! Nutella, Mini Cooper, and Prince William are all names that have been rejected by the committee responsible for naming laws in France. Smiles, in his book on 'The Huguenots' (1867), states, the Blancs, butchers, transmitted the business from father to son for more than 150 years, and they are still recognisable at Portarlington under the name of 'Blong.' Alternative Spellings & Variations: Fritz, Fred, Frederick, Rick, Rich. Did you know the meanings behind these awesome and unique German surnames? Talk about fitthis name means "to walk fast.". This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 22:32. However, as populations increased, the multitude of people who shared the same first name became confusing. Murphy is the most common name in Ireland, especially in the county of Cork. The German word 'Mller' refers to the noble profession of the miller. Also, ever wondered why the most common surnames in some Balkan countries actually designate the neighbours nationality? This very common French last name is a patronymic from Mars, which is also the Roman god of fertility and war. In this instance. ALSACE-LORRAINE HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Alsace-Lorraine has a lengthy history of being alternately under German and French rule. Or German Schadenfreude? The true reasons for Martins ubiquityas a surname are not totally clear, but it is believed that it was a surname often given to children in orphanages. Perhaps one of the most famous examples of a noble German surname is that of the pioneering aerospace engineer, Wernher von Braun or to give him his full title: Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun. There were a lot of birch trees in Latvia in the early 1800s, at the time when laws were enacted requiring that peasants be given surnames: so lots of men just adopted a name that was to hand. He has researched more than 10,000 names in the past ten years. Was it better or worse than the hyggeyou felt in Denmark? Bourreau French Variant of Bureau. In this post, we will explore the origins of German family names, how they developed, and how to research the surnames in your own family. And in France, the name Schmidt is the 484 th popular surname with an estimated 9,229 people with that name. Popular Jewish Last Names 1. Martin Derived from Mars, the Roman God of War, Martin originates from the tribe of Mairtine. Hugo Victor Hugo is one of the most renowned. Madeleine is a writer from somewhere near Manchester, England. The name derives from the Latvian word brzs which means birch tree, with the i originally being a diminutive suffix used to form patronymics before finally becoming a simple surname ending. 1982), an american football player of Lithuanian descent, Jonas Kazlauskas (b. naming characters in upcoming novels or screenplays, German Last Names and Surnames with Meanings, Italian Last Names and Surnames with Meanings. Martin is the most frequent surname in France and one of the most frequent surnames in Wallonia. Fundamental All languages German Terms by semantic function Names Surnames From French. It was only in the 19th century that surnames became hereditary. Or if you would like to go one step further than the suggestion of aristocracy, you could officially join the ranks of the noble classes with a genuine noble title. 5. A patronymic coming from the given name of Bernard. This job-related surname was connected to the grower and/or seller of pears. Fax Number: +41 225 181 369 Thomas - A name of Biblical origin, sometimes meaning "twin.". 2. Knowing more about your familys origins may help you understand more about their names, and vice versa. Meaning "sparrow," this last name is very familiar thanks to French singer dith Piaf. 1938. Aubert This is a loose translation of a piece written by, , which can be read in the original German. In the flat country, the most prevalent surname is Peeters with 32,700 owners. But these words might be retained in names such as place names and names of rivers. It is not tied to any nationality and it derives from Petar, which is equivalent to Peter in English. People are interested to learn not only the origins of family names, but also first names, place names, and names of natural landmarks. Almost 86,500 people in Netherlands bear the name De Jong, which represents 0.53% of the population. Please help thanks <3. A form of an Old French word meaning "stable. In the 5th century, a Germanic group known as the Franks conquered the area. Check out the names of the German and Swiss witch bloodlines below. After all, whether you have visited France and fell in love with the experience, have French ancestry that you'd like to highlight, or have a soft-spot for all things Frenchmusic, film, culture, language, etc., there are many reasons why French surnames could make their way onto your own baby name or pet name list. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. Take a trip to Germany with us, and keep reading to discover more about the surnames behind this rich and beautiful country. The French language is spoken across continents, and French people are known for their strong sense of individualism. Have you ever experiencedsaudade in Sintra? The guide will also explain how to look up French surname frequency. This surname is typically linked to the first name Albert. 125 Top Traditional German Last Names. This however would not explain its lack of occurrence in Sicily itself. Similarly, "Marchand" is a common French surname that means "merchant.". Some interested parties could be making a list of future baby or pet names, looking for a unique way to tie-in a French last name as either a first or middle name option. The common names Schmidt and Schmitz lead in the central German-speaking and eastern Low German-speaking areas. During the World Wars, many German Americans anglicised their German surname of Schmidtto Smithto avoid discrimination. In the Baltic countries, people tend to laugh at the Estonians, whereas in Balkan countries, they do jokes about the Bosnians. German surnames from French (5 e) G German surnames from Georgian (1 e) German surnames from Germanic languages (5 c, 0 e) German surnames from given names (40 e) el:German surnames (2 e) H German surnames from Hebrew (2 e) German surnames from Hungarian (1 e) I German surnames from Indo-European languages (4 c, 0 e) Around the 12th century, people began to differentiate between individuals who shared the same name using the Latin word, bruder Egebreht dem man sprichet der Wolhuser. List Of Popular German Last Names Or Surnames 1. While the name Kazlauskas was probably mostly brought from Poland via migration, there is also a possibility that it was adopted by some Lithuanians who had the word for a goat in their original surname during the era of polonisation. This also led to the creation of many idioms related to Turkey and Turks. This is a modern French version of the names Mateo and Matteo. A son and a father might have different surnames. Jewish (Ashkenazic): occupational name for a baker from German Bcker (compare 1 and Backer ) or Yiddish beker 'baker'. 2. Levi/Levy Origin: Hebrew Did you know, for instance, that the most frequent family name in Europe as a whole is the Spanish surname Garcia? For example, Names like these might have been shortened to, Brckner (someone who lives near a bridge), Buschmann (someone who lives near bushes), Weidemann (willow man or pasture man), Krger (innkeeper or merchant of glass and pottery), Richter (legal official, from the word for to make right), When first approaching a German surname, its important to remember that each name originally had a meaning. When she's not fallen down a rabbit hole of stories behind unique names, Madeleine can be found hanging out with her cat, taking photos of flowers, or dancing. 3. Silva is also a widespread surname in regions of the former Portuguese Empire in Asia, such as India and Sri Lanka. For example, ask (spear), beraht (bright, radiant), degan (warrior), fruma (benefit, advantage, blessing), hagen (fenced place), wig (fight, struggle), or witu (wood). It means priest. Other examples include names such as: Bamberger Bielfeld Erfurt Fischbeck Oldenburg For example, the current members of the British royal family style their surnames Windsor, in reference to the House of Windsor whose family seat (or at least one of) is Windsor Castle. In . The archaic feminine version of the Polish version is Nowakowaand its plural Nowakowie. Dupont - Dupont is a topographic name for someone who is "from the bridge", 10. Garnier - From a Germanic personal name, Warinhari, composed of the German words for the elements of war. "What Does Your German Last Name Mean?" The Zu prefix suggests that a family is still resident at a particular estate or region, as opposed to having simply descended from that place. This occupational surname originally referred to someone who worked as a carrier of goods. Rossi is the plural of Rosso (meaning red or red-haired in Italian) although it is argued this surname derives from another source (come on:how many ginger people have you met in Italy?) The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. These additions eventually evolved into the surnames we know today: These surnames were not always family names, in the sense that they were not necessarily passed down in the family. On the sunny side of the Alps, there are approximatively 12,000 people named Novak. By the 18th century almost all Ukrainians had family names. The most commun family name in Ukraine is in the Cyrillic alphabet, rendered as Melnyk in Latin. If you're looking for inspiration, studies have revealed that people with German surnames that suggest royal or noble rank, such as Kaiser (emperor), Frst (prince) or Knig (king) are more likely to work in more esteemed professions than surnames that alluded to more common jobs. A son and a father might have different surnames. She teaches at the Genealogical Institute of Pittsburgh and the Salt Lake Institute of Genealogy. This page was last edited on 8 August 2021, at 19:57. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/german-surnames-meanings-and-origins-1420789. It is shared by over 200,000 people in these countries. Moulin - An occupational name for a miller or mill worker. This should come as no surprise: Portugal has long been a richly forested nation, a fact which has influenced its culture and folklore. Hard cheese, hes going to be tough to find. The prefix Jens- refers to the biblical name Ioanne in Danish. ", Check out:- 150 funny dog names- Trendy names A-Z- 250 girl names that start with "S"- 100 boy names that start with "A". Occupational. It is the most common family name in Germany and Switzerland, and the fifth most common surname in Austria. In addition there are about 40 000 people with a variation of this surname. Learn about these common French surnames and their meanings. Just as in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hoxha, pronounced Hodja,is derived from the title Persian title of Khawaja. Bernard Bernard derives from the Germanic given name Bernhard or Beornheard, meaning "strong or brave as a bear". . For example: This category includes many, many German names. youve probably been spending a lot of time with their surnames. 7. 0,43% of the population in Finland is called Korhonen, which makes approximatively 23500 people. Petrovi is a Slavic surname, common in many countries with Slavic populations. Across Europe, children of all kinds owe a good deal of their education, not to teachers and textbooks, but to Fables. This French last name would likely refer to someone who either made or wore a particular hat or cape. 2. If someone refused to change their name, they were not entitled to benefits from Socialist Macedonia. Bierhals (German origin) meaning "beer-throat". (This includes names derived at an older stage of the language.) There are however significant variations between regions: its a very common surname in central Slovenia (in the regions around Ljubljana and Celje), as well as in parts of southern Slovenia and eastern Slovenia (Lower Carniola, Prekmurje). Laurent - A common first name and surname in France, Laurent once referred to people from Laurentium, a Roman city. In the distant past, individuals were only given a first name. For example, they might have called him Schneider because he was a tailor. 1. Auer (German Origin), meaning "Dweller near a Marsh, Living by a Water Meadow." 3. Robert Aigner (Austrian Origin), last name referring to the tribal conflicts in ancient times. 4. , and you just might learn something new about your ancestors. In a similar way, the prefix Zu in a German surname can also be an indication of nobility. When Napoleon was eventually defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, France underwent many different regime changes. While the von Braun name and noble connection was inherited from his fathers side of the family, Wernher von Brauns mother had an equally impressive lineage, reportedly dating back to medieval European royalty, including kings of France, Denmark, Scotland and England. Many French surnames have noticeable characteristics such as beginning with Des-or Ch-, containing the letters au or ain together, featuring double letters, ending with -er, etc. With three Michelin stars, French chef Hlne Darroze is a force in the culinary world. Is your name on this list? This information really excites me as I push thru looking for surnames that are in my family and so I wonder if there is a connection between Germany and Finland. Sound familiar? From then on, all name changes were recorded, making it easier to trace family history. It is the most common Swedish family name, followed by Andersson the most famous of which being Neo in the Matrix movie. Prof. Dr. Udolph is a name researcher, father of 4, and a tenured professor at Leipzig University, and he is the most sought-after expert today when it comes to the interpretation of names. The De Jong family name has a rich history which originates back many generations and has been popularised by many important figures in Dutch history. In the Czech Republic almost 70,000 people share this surname. The surnameZajac comesfrom Polish zajac which meanshare or the Czech dialect zajac, a nickname for a swift runner or a shy person. By Talya. The most prevalent Norwegian family name is Hansen, of which there are about 55000 in the country. The surname Borg could have resulted from the Sicilian town of Burgi, itself perhaps deriving from the Greek pyrgos. In this instance, zu is the German word for at, and suggests a noble family being resident at a particular place, usually a country estate, family seat or inherited region. It meansLordorMaster, the title is also closely related to other terms in Sufism. (For a modern example, think of the Earl of Northumberland or the Duke of Cambridge.). For example: There are an estimated 850,000 different surnames in Germany a very high number! Its always more appreciated than an insult! Mitzis real name and full title is Francesca Marlene de Czanyi von Gerber. It also occurs in The United States, where 25 percent live and France, where 8 percent live. Halcro. Fundamental All languages German Terms by semantic function Names Surnames From French, German surnames of French origin. To a degree it makes sense to find the area by ones surname, but another way is to associate your surname with a name of a town/village ( with a slight lettering variation ) As for me: 26 in the veneto - north Italy. What is the history of the name LANGENHAHN? 3. -- Baton Rouge : Geoscience Publications, Louisiana State University, 1986 . 2. Ancient France was part of the Celtic territory in Western Europe known as Gaul or Gallia which was conquered in the Roman conquests. The email address is kept private and will not be shown. 42. But in Hungary it is also common to have countries as a surname:for example Nmet (German), Horvth (Croat) or Tth (Slovak). Someone with this last name would have likely come from a family who lived near a church. Its not always easy for a German speaker to understand the meaning of a family name. Perhaps youve been wondering what those surnames mean and where they come from. 2. Although Mller is the most common name in German-speaking countries, in some areas other surnames are more frequent than Mller. This location-based name typically corresponded to someone living near an abbey or chapel. Looking for more good German names? Ostlichter LTA While many of the official privileges that German nobles had enjoyed for centuries were revoked, the right to include the Von or Zu prefix in the surname was one way that noble families could retain an air of their previous aristocratic rank, as well as bequeathing a noble name and lineage to future generations. Since 2001, the number of people in Denmark with the surname Jensen started to decline as people changed to more unique surnames. It was later amalgamated with the English and German Synagogue in 1884 (see the Jewish records on this site). Describing a rocky terrain, this surname also corresponds to individuals from various locations sharing the same name of "Rochefort.". This is similar to the practice of shortening a noble title to merge with the surname that was a popular practice towards the latter days of the aristocracy. Like many of their European neighbours, the nobility of Germany adopted the custom of using the name of their estate or region as their surname or integrating it into their given family name. Laurent may also come from the Old Greek word for "bright one" or "shining one", 9. We still see examples of this custom in modern times. For the most part, the name was chosen by people who knew the person and who used the name to describe him. Dimitrov is a common surname in both Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia. Top 50 GermanSurnames and Their Meanings. Keep all this in mind when you delve into German historical records, and you just might learn something new about your ancestors. Powell, Kimberly. This derives from the time of the House of Habsburg, when these regions belonged to Hungary. Common occupational surnames in France include such names as: Lefebre (craftsman) Gagne (farmer) Marchand (merchant) Berger (shepherd) Bisset (weaver) Mullins (miller) Page (servant) The Descriptive Surname There were times when a family surname or occupational surname did not do a person justice. There is no real reason why this surname took such deep rootBut today it is borne by many famous sportsmen, politicians and artists. Sound information is not always readily available. 5. I didnt see it among the German surnames . However, in Canada, the name Schmidt is ranked the 196 th most popular surname with an estimated 19,008 people with that name. indexes from Hesse, for example, surnames were used for the entire family. Some names signified tribal affiliation, such as: Others were based on place names: Hans from Nrnberg might be called Hans Nrnberger. Nederlands Joods familiearchief. Most people lived in small villages with small populations, so if you called for someone named Heinrich, chances were the right Heinrich would turn around. After immigrating to America, many Germans changed ("Americanized") their surname to make it easier for others to pronounce or merely to feel more a part of their new home. Just as in Spain with Garcia, De Jong means the young one. Hodi is mainly a Bosnian surname and derives from the Persian title Khawaja. 140 German Surnames or Family Names With Meanings Germany has for long been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker, i.e, the land of poets and thinkers. The Germans who married into the French family had the surnames Rule ( Rhl ), Smice ( Schmeiss ), Shively ( Schnebele ), and Sheets ( Sheetz ) and many more. Today only, get free access to Germany, Hesse Marriage Index, 1849-1931 and Germany, Hesse Birth Index, 1874-1911! Many sources derive the surname primarily from Grub, a place name common in southern Germany and Austria. Stichting Nederlands Joods Familiearchief. Bernard - Strong or brave like a bear. If youre looking for inspiration, studies have revealed that people with German surnames that suggest royal or noble rank, such as Kaiser (emperor), Frst (prince) or Knig (king) are more likely to work in more esteemed professions than surnames that alluded to more common jobs. Jean Valjean is the protagonist of Victor Hugo's Les Misrables. Dietrich (German origin) means "people's ruler" 5. Hungarian surnames, just like in other countries, often refer to a profession such as Smith, Tailor or Miller. 1869 Argentina 1.8 millon (1.6 MM Arg born) 1872 Brazil 9.8 millon (9.6 MM Bra born) Still RGS and SC score similarly to Pampa which is a lot. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_surnames_from_French&oldid=50207290, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In the Land of Honey,3,3% of the population share the same surname Borg(13,200 people). This research takes time and patience. Abbe Acord Acy Adrien Agard Agee Agen Agent Agent Ager Aguillard Aguillon Aide Aime Airoldi Alarie Alexandre Alexis Alice Alix Scarth. Related: 50 German Last Names and Surnames with Meanings 41. A topographical surname meaning "from the garden. These 100 French surnames are sure to intrigue. Take your pick: 1. Peeters is also a patronymic surname meaning son of Peter. Followed shortly after by Nowakowski, Nowacki, and Nowakiewicz probably to make sure that no one else could translate them. Linklater. The OMurchadh families used to live in Wexford, Roscommon and Cork. Kimberly Powell is a professional genealogist and the author of The Everything Guide to Online Genealogy. Select countryUnited StatesUnited Kingdom---AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBonaireBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet Island (Bouvetoya)BrazilBritish Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago)British Virgin IslandsBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos (Keeling) IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCuraaoCyprusCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland Islands (Malvinas)Faroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaFrench Southern TerritoriesGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuernseyGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHoly See (Vatican City State)HondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsle of ManIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJerseyJordanKazakhstanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKoreaKoreaKuwaitKyrgyz RepublicLao People's Democratic RepublicLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyan Arab JamahiriyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNiueNorfolk IslandNorthern Mariana IslandsMexicoNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairn IslandsPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarReunionRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint BarthelemySaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint MartinSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSint Maarten (Netherlands)Slovakia (Slovak Republic)SloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth Georgia & S. Sandwich IslandsSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard & Jan Mayen IslandsSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkeyTurkmenistanTurks and Caicos IslandsTuvaluU.S. 1 in marche - central italy. It may be used to contact other members who are interested in the same surnames or geographic regions (directly contacting other members of the GGG is a Members Only feature). Germany (GER) When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. It looked like this: Cunradus dictus Faber, Heinricus dictus Kreier, bruder Egebreht dem man sprichet der Wolhuser (brother Egebreht who is called the Wolhuser), Hans Rot genannt Rotlieb, Heinrich bi dem Bach. There are plenty of other resources for researching German family names and plotting their distribution, many of which can be found among MyHeritages German historical records. This patronymic is one of the most common French surnames. About the author Someone who worked in agriculture as a reaper or mower might have this surname. Its less common in northern and western Slovenia and in the Gorika region on the border with Italy, it is quite rare. Another variation of this name is "LeBlanc.". This location-based name refers to someone who lives near aspen trees. Your use of the site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. This French surname holds the meaning "golden village.". It was also a very common first name in early medievalSpain. Information on our advertising guidelines can be found. German surnames derived from family origin Some names signified tribal affiliation, such as: Baier Franke Friese Hollnder Preu (Preuss) Sachse Others were based on place names: Hans from Nrnberg might be called Hans Nrnberger. In the history, where turkification was pursued at an aggressive pace and intensity, such as in cosmopolitan Istanbul or in the eastern provinces, last names including the term Turk (Trk) or even pure turk (ztrk) were imposed on non-Turks.

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