Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). 22 Feb. 2023 . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [6] In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. Szczepanski, Kallie. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. The rebels are all our own subjects. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Update now. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Imperial Mistakes Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). "White Lotus Rebellion . Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. ." Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. ", Dai, Yingcong. Corrections? Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Encyclopedia.com. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Omissions? Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. "[5] Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. (2020, August 27). Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. ", Dai, Yingcong. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. View original page. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. (February 22, 2023). [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. . Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. ." "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. [citation needed]. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. . Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops.

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