The answer will have a profound effect on the situation and the client. -Read smallest line client is able to read. Your email address will not be published. Mobility and Immobility: Preventing Thrombus Formation (ATI pg. At times, abdominal cramping and diarrhea can be prevented by slowing down the rate of the feeding. This is a preview. Emotional or mental stress and the intake is 600ml. -INSPECTION, AUSCULTATION, PERCUSSION, PALPATION These are fluids that LEAVE the body. The body mass index is calculated using the client's bodily weight in kg and the height of the client in terms of meters. Monitor edema Chapter 57, Nutrition and Oral Hydration-Fluid Imbalances: Calculating a Clients Net Fluid Intake, Monitor I&Os PLEASE NOTE: The contents of this website are for informational purposes only. Skip to content. You want to be the first to know. It's trying to meet that cardiac output, which is heart rate times stroke volume. Adequate nutrition is dependent on the client's ability to eat, chew and swallow. You can also learn about both fluid volume deficit and fluid volume excess with our Medical-Surgical Nursing Flashcards. Our Pharmacology Second Edition Flashcards cover many of the most important diuretics that may be administered for fluid volume excess. 127, Head and Neck: Assessing Visual Acuity Using a Snellen Chart (ATI pg 146), -Use to screen for myopia. Nursing Skill . For example, if the client will be eating a 14 grams of plain tuna fish, the number of calories can be calculated by multiplying 14 by 4 which would be 56 calories. That's going to be urine, primarily. Love this illustration, I think it is absolutely beautiful. Food drug interactions will be more fully discussed in the "Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies" sections in the subtitled topic "Providing Information to the Client on Common Side Effects/Adverse Effects/Potential Interactions of Medications and Informing the Client When to Notify the Primary Health Care Provider". We can treat this with diuretics. So on card number 90, we are starting by talking about solution osmolarity. -Implement a bladder training program. Now, in terms of labs and diagnostics, your patients are going to have an elevated hematocrit, an elevated blood osmolality, elevated BUN, elevated urine-specific gravity, and elevated urine osmolality. If you like this video, please like it on YouTube, and be sure you subscribe to our channel. Calculating the Expected Date of Delivery. ***Relaxation- meditation, yoga, and pregressive muscle relaxation. Ethical decision-making is a process that requires striking a balance between science and Like other basic human needs such as elimination, nutrition can be negatively impacted by a number of factors and forces such as diseases and disorders like anorexia, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, dysphagia and malabsorption, cultural and ethnical beliefs about nutrition and foods, personal preferences, level of development, lifestyle choices, economic restraints, psychological factors and disorders such as eating disorders, medications, and some treatments like radiation therapy and chemotherapy. So, the BMI for a client weighing 75 kg who is 1.72 meters tall is calculated as follows: The ideal body weight is calculated using the client's height, weight and body frame size as classified as small, medium and large. Fluid imbalances can be broadly categorized a fluid deficits and fluid excesses. Their heart is not meeting the cardiac output sufficiently, which causes a traffic jam, leading to fluid volume excess somewhere in the body. I'm going to have hypertension. For example, clients who are affected with cancer may have an impaired nutritional status as the result of anorexia related to the disease process and as the result therapeutic chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy; other clients can have an acute or permanent neurological deficit that impairs their nutritional status because they are not able to chew and/or safely swallow foods and still more may have had surgery to their face and neck, including a laryngectomy for example, or a mechanical fixation of a fractured jaw, all of which place the client at risk for nutritional status deficiencies. You've got to know that. -probing Some of the normal changes of the aging process that can lead to an imbalance of fluid include the aging person's loss of the thirst which, under normal circumstances, would encourage the client to drink oral fluids, decreased renal function, and the altered responses that they have in terms of fluid and electrolyte imbalances during the aging process. Download. That's a lot of fluid. requires a prescription -Second number is at which a visually unimpaired eye can see the same line clearly. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. -Irrigate the tube to unclog Blockages -Cleanse three times a day and after defecation. Now, this one you're going to see a lot because you're going to have patients with fluid volume overload. Calculating A Clients Net Fluid Intake Ati Nursing Skill. Adjust dosage slowly, max. The residual volume of these feedings is aspirated, measured and recorded prior to each feeding and the tube is flushed before and after each intermittent feeding with about 30 mLs of water and before and after each medication administration to insure and maintain its patency. This article covers fluid balance, osmolarity, and calculating fluid intake and output, as well as discussing fluid volume excess and fluid volume deficit. Fatigue Edema is most often identified in the dependent extremities such as the feet and the legs; however, it can also become obvious with unusual abdominal distention and swelling. ***Distraction- AMbulation, deep breathing, visitors, television, games, prayer, and music -ADLs- Bathing, grooming, dressing, toileting, ambulating, feeding(without swallowing precautions), positioning. There are a number of therapeutic special diets that are for clients as based on their health care problem and diagnosis. Urinary Elimination: Teaching About Kegel Exercises, Tighten pelvic muscles for a count of 10, relax slowly for a count of 10, and repeat in sequences of 15 in lying-down, sitting, and standing positions, Vital Signs: Assessing a Client's Blood Pressure, -Ortho- waif 1 to 3 mins after sitting to get BP These clients should have attractive and preferred food preferences and, at times, they may need dietary supplements and medications to stimulate their appetite. Now, I want to show you this illustration. -while awake perform ROM exercises. It looks swollen and big, right? Similar to the calculation of calories, as above, mathematics is also used to calculate other indicators about the client's nutritional status. -Apply protective barrier creams. Although more clients should reduce their weight, there are some clients that have to be encouraged to gain weight. Intake includes IV fluids, fluids contained within foods, tube feedings, TPN, IV flushes, and bladder irrigation. -Divide abdomen in four quadrants in head. Dehydration occurs when one loses more fluid than is taken in. This is not necessarily measurable, but fluid is being lost in this way. For example, Americans in the southern area of the United States may prefer fried foods like fried chicken instead of a healthier piece of broiled or baked chicken, however, when they are affected with high cholesterol levels, modifications in this diet must be made; similarly, when a member of the Hindu religion is a vegetarian and they lack protein, the diet of this person must also be modified. Some of the terms and terminology relating to hydration and the client's hydration status that you should be familiar with for your NCLEX-RN examination include these below. build-your-own-bundleflashcards-for-nursing-studentsflashcards-for-practicing-professionalsfree-shippingfundamentalsnewnursing-flashcardsallsingle-flashcardsskills, Lab Values Flashcards for nursing students. john stamos wife age difference Administer oxygen. The signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess include weight gain, edema (swelling), tachycardia (the blood flow is not moving as it should, so the body is experiencing compensatory tachycardia), tachypnea, hypertension (more fluid means more vascular resistance, which means higher blood pressure), dyspnea (shortness of breath), crackles in the lungs, jugular vein distension, fatigue, and bounding pulses. 1st 10 kg= 10 kg x 100 ml/kg = 1000 mL. Fluid Imbalances: Calculating a Client's Net Fluid Intake (ALT: Nursing Skill) please user this template for the above topic thank you Show transcribed image text Expert Answer Discription of the problem - Fluid embalance - fluid imbalance is the condition which may occur when patient lose more water or fluid as compared to b -Monitor patency of catheter. RegisteredNursing.org does not guarantee the accuracy or results of any of this information. Medications have a great impact on the client's nutritional status. Collaboration occurs among different levels of nurses and nurses with different areas of -Foot circles: rotate the feet in circles at the ankles Diet (caffeine consumption before bed) Placement should be verified by x-ray. Enteral nutrition can be given on a continuous basis, on an intermittent basis, as a bolus, and also as supplementation in addition to oral feedings when the client is not getting enough oral feedings. So that is fluid volume deficit. Home / NCLEX-RN Exam / Nutrition and Oral Hydration: NCLEX-RN. To help the patient gain a sense of control in his/her nutritional intake and meal planning. my question is if a patient is npo from midnight to next day until 1pm . Then isotonic, iso means the same, so same tonicity as our body's fluid. In this section of the NCLEX-RN examination, you will be expected to demonstrate your knowledge and skills of nutrition and oral hydration in order to: Assess client ability to eat (e.g., chew, swallow) Assess client for actual/potential specific food and medication interactions -Occlusion of the NG tube can lead to distention SEE Basic Care & Comfort Practice Test Questions. Osmolarity is the concentration of a solution, or its tonicity. Fluid volume deficit is when fluid output exceeds fluid intake, that is, the patient is not getting enough fluid. It is important to calculate everything that goes into the patient's body as part of their intake. FLUID IMBALANCE: Calculating a Client's Net Fluid Intake (ATI Fundamentals Text) Image transcription text3:14 PM Sat Apr 16 93% TOO O + ACTIVE LEARNING TEMPLATE: Nursing Skill STUDENT NAME SKILLNAME Calculating a clients Net Fluid Intake REVIEW MODULE CHAPTER Description of Skill IndicationsCONSIDERATIONS Nursing Interventions . Limit their fluid and sodium intake. -Verify suction equipment functions properly, Nutrition and Oral Hydration: Advancing to a Full Liquid Diet (ATI pg 223), Clear liquids plus liquid dairy products, all juices. That sure does mean you need to know it. For example, the client is assessed using the A, B, C and Ds of a nutritional assessment in addition to the use of some standardized tools such as the Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment and the Nutrition Screening Inventory. Hypo means low, so lower tonicity than the fluid that's in our body already. It involves a conflict between two moral imperatives. A problem is an ethical dilemma when: A review scientific data is not enough to solve it. Labs, these things are all going to go down, hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum osmolality, urine-specific gravity, right? Hypotonic, the letter after the P, it's an O. So let's start talking about deficit first. Admissions, Transfers, and Discharge: Dispossession of Valuables, Admissions, Transfers, and Discharge: Essential Information in a Hand-Off Report, Client Education: Discharge Planning for a Client Who Has Diabetes Mellitus, Critical Thinking and Clinical Judgment: Caring for a Client Who Has Nausea, Critical Thinking and Clinical Judgment: Prioritizing Client Care, Cultural and Spiritual Nursing Care: Communicating With a Client Who Speaks a Different Language Than the Nurse About Informed Consent, Cultural and Spiritual Nursing Care: Discharge Teaching for a Client Who Does Not Speak the same language as the nurse, Cultural and Spiritual Nursing Care: Effective Communication When Caring for a Client Who Speaks a Different Language Than the Nurse, Delegation and Supervision: Assigning Tasks to Assistive Personnel (ATI pg. -Limit waking clients during the night. Up next, we are talking about two crucial concepts to understand for nursing school, fluid volume deficit, not enough fluid, and fluid volume excess, too much fluid. FLUID IMBALANCE: Calculating a Client's Net Fluid Intake (ATI. Meds (bronchodilators and antihypertensives can cause insomnia), Rest and Sleep: Interventions to Promote Sleep (ATI pg 218). Physiological Adaptation. Fluid excesses are characterized with unintended and sudden gain in terms of the client's weight, adventitious breath sounds such as crackles, tachycardia, bulging neck veins, occasional confusion, hypertension, an increase in terms of the client's central venous pressure and edema. These special diets, some of the indications for them, and the components of each are discussed below. A behavioral intervention that consists of verbal prompts and beverage preference compliance was effective in increasing fluid intake among most of a sample of incontinent NH residents. Some examples of hypertonic fluid would be D10W, dextrose 10% in water, 3% sodium chloride - so that's more than is in normal saline - and 5% sodium chloride, even more. 3. 253), -Use soap and water at insertion site. the client and health care team Thanks so much, and happy studying. Many people on a weight reduction diet or a diet to increase their weight are based on calories counts. It's got points, right? : an American History (Eric Foner), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever). Big one would be a patient in heart failure, right? A urinary output of less than 30 mLs or ccs per hour is considered abnormal. Enteral tube feedings are delivered with a number of different tubes such as a nasointestinal tube that goes to the intestine through the nose, a nasogastric tube which is placed in the stomach through the nose, a nasojejunal tube that enters the jejunum of the small intestine through the nose, a nasoduodenal tube that enters the duodenum through the nose, a jejunostomy tube that is surgically placed directly into the jejunum of the small intestine, a gastrostomy tube that is surgically placed into the stomach directly and a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. Calculating a clientsNet fluid intake :Fluid Imbalances: (Active Calculating a clientsNet fluid intake :Fluid Imbalances: (Active Learning Template )- Nursing Skill Health Science Science Nursing NR 3241. So hyper means a higher tonicity of the fluid than the body. Remember, I don't have enough fluid, so my vascular volume has dropped, meaning the resistance against my vessels has dropped, meaning that my blood pressure has fallen. * A. Intake: 2200 mL & Output 1850 mL B. Intake: 2450 mL & Output: 2300 mL C. Intake: 1950 mL & Output: 2400 mL D. Intake: 540 mL & Output: 2450 mL -Help with personal hygiene needs or a back rub prior to sleep to increase comfort. First manifestation of infection usually UTI morality Paste your instructions in the instructions box. This is particularly important for certain groups . Author: Alison Shepherd is tutor in nursing, department of primary care and child health, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King s College London. The big one here in red is 1 ounce is 30 mls. Iso means the same; isotonic fluids have the same tonicity as our bodys fluid, that is, the volume of the cell does not change with fluid movement. Introduction. The E looks spiky, hypertonic. August 06, 2021 A pump, similar in terms to an intravenous infusion pump, controls the rate of the tube feeding infusion at the ordered rate. It's not putting forth very much pressure, so you'll feel it going fast, but it's going to be weak. Urine output has already decreased in this situation, but if it falls below 30 mL per hour, this indicates a serious problem. Experiencing a Seizure, During active seizure lower client to the floor and protect head Remember that everything should be done in milliliters, so we give you the conversions here. These are available on our website, leveluprn.com, if you want to get your own set. different The nurse protects the patients rights, especially when they cannot. 1) ans)Description of skill: Calculating a patient's daily intake will require you to record all fluids that go into the patient. And protect skin from breakdown. Fluid excesses are the net result of fluid gains minus fluid losses. So that's not going to change the intracellular volume there. 1 fluid ounce is 30 mls. Cna And Nursing Skill Training Measuring Fluid Intake Youtube Web Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance.. Okay. Bowel Elimination: Assisting a Client to Use a Fracture Pan, We use fracture pans for supine patients and for patients in body casts or leg casts.For client using a fracture pan, raise the head of the bed to 30 DEGREES (semi-Fowler's : 30-45 degrees), Complementary and Alternative Therapies: Contraindications for Receiving Acupuncture, Complementary and Alternative Therapies: Contraindications for the Use of Magnet Therapy, Complementary and Alternative Therapies: Identifying Potential Medication Interactions With Ginkgo Biloba, Ergonomic Principles: Safely Transferring a Client From the Bed to a Chair, -Use two or more people to transfer patient, Fluid Imbalances: Assessment Findings of Extracellular Fluid Volume Deficit (CP card #164). This is very, very, very important content for your nursing exams and for the NCLEX, so really be familiar with these concepts. Risk for excess fluid volume; Risk factors may include. Very important to understand that. Delegation and Supervision: Delegating Client Care to an Assistive Personnel, Delegation and Supervision: Delegating Tasks for a Client Who is Postoperative to an Assistive Personnel, Delegation and Supervision: Identifying a Task to Delegate to an Assistive Personnel, Ethical Responsibilities: Demonstrating Client Advocacy, Ethical Responsibilities: Recognizing an Ethical Dilemma (ATI pg. All trademarks are the property of their respective trademark holders. -When hearing aids are not in use for an extended time, turn it off and remove the battery. -Cutaneous stimulation- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) heat, cold, therapeutic touch, and massage. We've already reached a decreased urine output if we get to that point, but when we fall below 30 mls per hour, this should be a big red flag in your mind that we have a serious problem. Distraction techniques include ambulation, deep breathing, television, music and visitors. Very important to understand that, as well. Think of water just trickling through a garden hose. You need to understand what counts for intake and output. Intermittent tube feedings are typically given every 4 to 6 hours, as ordered, and the volume of each of these intermittent feedings typically ranges from 200 to 300 mLs of the formula that is given over a brief period of time for up to one hour. Question Answered step-by-step FLUID IMBALANCE: Calculating a Client's Net Fluid Intake (ATI FLUID IMBALANCE: Calculating a Client's Net Fluid Intake (ATI Fundamentals Text) Image transcription text3:14 PM Sat Apr 16 93% TOO O + ACTIVE LEARNING TEMPLATE: Nursing Skill STUDENT NAME SKILLNAME Calculating a clients Net Fluid Intake REVIEW MODULE CHAPTER Description of Skill . For example, the client's body mass index (BMI) and the "ideal" bodily weight can be calculated using relatively simple mathematics. 0.45% sodium chloride (half normal saline) and 0.225% sodium chloride (quarter normal saline) are examples of hypotonic solutions. And then each eye separately. Ethical Responsibilities: Responding to a Client's Need for Information About Treatment, Grief, Loss, and Palliative Care: Responding to a Client Who Has a Terminal Illness and Wants to Discontinue Care, Information Technology: Action to Take When Receiving a Telephone Prescription, Information Technology: Commonly Used Abbreviations, Information Technology: Documenting in a Client's Medical Record, Information Technology: Identifying Proper Documentation, Information Technology: Information to Include in a Change-of-Shift Report, Information Technology: Maintaining Confidentiality, Information Technology: Receiving a Telephone Prescription, Legal Responsibilities: Identifying an Intentional Tort, Legal Responsibilities: Identifying Negligence, Legal Responsibilities: Identifying Resources for Information About a Procedure, Legal Responsibilities: Identifying Torts, Legal Responsibilities: Nursing Role While Observing Client Care, Legal Responsibilities: Responding to a Client's Inquiry About Surgery, Legal Responsibilities: Teaching About Advance Directives, Legal Responsibilities: Teaching About Informed Consent, The Interprofessional Team: Coordinating Client Care Among the Health Care Team, The Interprofessional Team: Obtaining a Consult From an Interprofessional Team Member, Therapeutic Communication: Providing Written Materials in a Client's Primary Language, Adverse effects, Interactions, and Contraindications: Priority Assessment Findings, Diabetes Mellitus: Mixing Two Insulins in the Same Syringe, Dosage Calculation: Calculating a Dose of Gentamicin IV, Dosage Calculation: Correct Dose of Diphenhydramine Solution, Intravenous Therapy: Inserting an IV Catheter, Intravenous Therapy: Medication Administration, Intravenous Therapy: Priority Intervention for an IV Infusion Error, Intravenous Therapy: Promoting Vein Dilation Prior to Inserting a Peripheral IV Catheter, Intravenous Therapy: Recognizing Phlebitis, intravenous Therapy: Selection of an Intravenous Site, Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Administration: Enteral Administration of Medications, Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Administration: Preparing an Injectable Medication From a Vial, Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Administration: Self-Administration of Ophthalmic Solutions, Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Administration: Teaching About Self-Administrationof Clotrimazole Suppositories, Safe Medication Administration and Error Reduction: Administering a Controlled Substance, Safe Medication Administration and Error Reduction: Con rming a Client's Identity, Airway Management: Performing Chest Physiotherapy, Airway Management: Suctioning a Tracheostomy Tube, Client Safety: Priority Action When Caring for a Client Who Is Experiencing a Seizure, Fluid Imbalances: Indications of Fluid Overload, Grief, Loss, and Palliative Care: Manifestations of Cheyne-Stokes Respirations, Pressure Injury, Wounds, and Wound Management: Performing a Dressing Change, Safe Medication Administration and Error Reduction: Priority Action When Responding to a Medication Error, Vital Signs: Caring for a Client Who Has a High Fever, Coping: Manifestations of the Alarm Stage of General Adaptation Syndrome, Coping: Priority Intervention for a Client Who Has a Terminal Illness, Data Collection and General Survey: Assessing a Client's Psychosocial History, Grief, Loss, and Palliative Care: Identifying Anticipatory Grief, Grief, Loss, and Palliative Care: Identifying the Stages of Grief, Grief, Loss, and Palliative Care: Providing End-of-Life Care, Grief, Loss, and Palliative Care: Therapeutic Communication With the Partner of a Client Who Has a Do-Not-Resuscitate Order, Self-Concept and Sexuality: Providing Client Support Following a Mastectomy, Therapeutic Communication: Communicating With a Client Following a Diagnosis of Cancer, Therapeutic Communication: Providing Psychosocial Support, Therapeutic Communication: Responding to Client Concerns Prior to Surgery, Airway Management: Collecting a Sputum Specimen, Bowel Elimination: Discharge Teaching About Ostomy Care, Complementary and Alternative Therapies: Evaluating Appropriate Use of Herbal Supplements, Diabetes Mellitus Management: Identifying a Manifestation of Hyperglycemia, Electrolyte Imbalances: Laboratory Values to Report, Gastrointestinal Diagnostic Procedures: Education Regarding Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Testing, Hygiene: Providing Oral Care for a Client Who Is Unconscious, Hygiene: Teaching a Client Who Has Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus About Foot Care, Intravenous Therapy: Actions to Take for Fluid Overload, Nasogastric Intubation and Enteral Feedings: Administering an Enteral Feeding Through a Gastrostomy Tube, Nasogastric Intubation and Enteral Feedings: Preparing to Administer Feedings, Nasogastric Intubation and Enteral Feedings: Verifying Tube Placement, Older Adults (65 Years and Older): Expected Findings of Skin Assessment, Preoperative Nursing Care: Providing Preoperative Teaching to a Client, Thorax, Heart, and Abdomen: Priority Action for Abdominal Assessment, Urinary Elimination: Selecting a Coud Catheter, Vital Signs: Palpating Systolic Blood Pressure, Client Safety: Care for a Client Who Requires Restraints, Client Safety: Implementing Seizure Precautions, Client Safety: Planning Care for a Client Who Has a Prescription for Restraints, Client Safety: Priority Action for Handling Defective Equipment, Client Safety: Priority Action When Responding to a Fire, Client Safety: Proper Use of Wrist Restraints, Ergonomic Principles: Teaching a Caregiver How to Avoid Injury When Repositioning a Client, Head and Neck: Performing the Weber's Test, Home Safety: Client Teaching About Electrical Equipment Safety, Home Safety: Evaluating Client Understanding of Home Safety Teaching, Home Safety: Teaching About Home Care of Oxygen Equipment, Infection Control: Caring for a Client Who Is Immunocompromised, Infection Control: Identifying the Source of an Infection, Infection Control: Implementing Isolation Precautions, Infection Control: Isolation Precautions While Caring for a Client Who Has Influenza, Infection Control: Planning Transmission-Based Precautions for a Client Who Has Tuberculosis, Infection Control: Protocols for Multidrug-Resistant Infections, Infection Control: Teaching for a Client Who is Scheduled for an Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant, Information Technology: Action to Take When a Visitor Reports a Fall, Information Technology: Situation Requiring an Incident Report, Intravenous Therapy: Action to Take After Administering an Injection, Medical and Surgical Asepsis: Disposing of Biohazardous Waste, Medical and Surgical Asepsis: Performing Hand Hygiene, Medical and Surgical Asepsis: Planning Care for a Client Who Has a Latex Allergy, Medical and Surgical Asepsis: Preparing a Sterile Field, Nursing Process: Priority Action Following a Missed Provider Prescription, Safe Medication Administration and Error Reduction: Client Identifiers, Chapter 6. pg.162-164 Monitoring Intake and O, Virtual Challenge: Timothy Lee (head-to-toe), A nurse is caring for a client who reports pa, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Unit 2 Test Textbook and Practice Quiz Questi, Population Ecology Exam 1 - Chapters 2 & 3. Fluid Imbalances: Calculating a Client's Net Fluid Intake Include volume intake to get a net fluid balance calculation as well (assuming no other fluid losses) Weight, total urine output, hours, and fluid intake Hygiene: Providing Instruction About Foot Care (CP card #97) -inspect feet daily -use LUKEWARM water -dry feet thoroughly She began her work career as an elementary school teacher in New York City and later attended Queensborough Community College for her associate degree in nursing. Specific risk factors associated with fluid excesses include poor renal functioning, medications like corticosteroids, Cushing's syndrome, excessive sodium intake, heart failure, hepatic failure and excessive oral and/or intravenous fluids. The numbers rise because the fluid volume is decreasing. Why? -pain Decline in cognitive function, Health Promotion/Disease Prevention - Hygiene: Bathing a Client Who Has Dementia, Potential for Complications of Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures - Nasogastric Intubation

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